Digital skills in Europe: a methodological and empirical assessment

This paper compares a set of occupation-based indicators measuring digital intensity of work and distils common findings about its distribution in the EU. It starts by providing a comprehensive overview of available occupation-based indicators of digital intensity of work and comparing the methodologies and data used to construct them. It shows that these indicators are rather similar in design, though there are some important differences. It proceeds to compare indicator values by occupation, highlighting that these are broadly similar across available indicators. It then provides a broad mapping of digital intensity of work across different countries and population groups. Finally, the occupation-based indicators of digital intensity are compared to other measures of work digitalisation (worker-reported use of digital skills, occupational exposure to AI) to set them in a broader context.